Why Washington’s Tunnel 5 Fire is destined to be repeated
Not all can be saved: A Fire Boss amphibious air tanker dumps 200 gallons of water over the Tunnel 5 Fire. The house in flames (left) and another home (obscured by smoke) directly beneath the water drop were completely destroyed. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Republished with permission from Columbia Insight
By Jurgen Hess
August 3, 2023. On July 2, the Tunnel 5 Fire began in Underwood, Washington, about two miles west of the town of White Salmon in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.
Before being 80% contained by mid-July, the fire scorched 529 acres and destroyed 10 structures, mostly homes. At least 40 fire engines, 256 firefighters and other personnel, five helicopters, six dozers, and 16 water tenders were employed to fight the blaze.
The cost is still being calculated, but a single retardant drop by jet airplane on the Tunnel 5 Fire costs as much as $12,400.
The expense of fighting the 2017 Eagle Creek Fire on the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge eventually reached $40 million.
For two weeks, the Tunnel 5 Fire provided a shocking and unsettling sight as flames and smoke billowed above a stretch of the Columbia River dotted with large, cliff-top homes.
But it was hardly unprecedented.
In 2007, the Broughton Fire burned 200 acres and seven structures (including five houses) in the precise location.
That fire was caused by the BNSF Railway Company’s grinding of nearby railroad tracks. “Track grinding” or “rail grinding” repairs deformities and corrosion of rail tracks due to heavy use. The process creates sparks.
The cause of the Tunnel 5 Fire remains under investigation.
Close call: The Tunnel 5 Fire blew up steep slopes carried by fuels of trees, shrubs and grass. This house was fortunate to be spared from the fire. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Close call: The Tunnel 5 Fire blew up steep slopes carried by fuels of trees, shrubs, and grass. This house was fortunate to be spared from the fire. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Two wildfires in the exact location in just 16 years—is this simply a coincidence, a supreme stroke of bad luck?
Unfortunately no.
The Broughton and Tunnel 5 Fires burned, proved so difficult to fight, and were wildly expensive to contain for similar reasons.
Might another catastrophic blaze burn in the same area in the near future?
Unfortunately, it’s likely.
The reasons have to do with the geography of the area around Underwood and particular regulations that govern private property in the National Scenic Area.
But they also point to broader issues involving the encroachment of residential homes in heavily forested areas, and the way the U.S. Forest Service currently prioritizes private real estate (i.e., houses) over public resources (i.e., trees and surrounding habitat) when fighting fires.
Is such a policy wise? Is it in the public’s interest?
With national insurance companies beginning to refuse to issue policies for homes in some parts of the country due to “growing catastrophic exposure,” is it time to reconsider the construction of houses in fire-prone areas and the way we fight nearby fires when they inevitably come?
Recipe for disaster
Located along Washington State Route 14 at the confluence of the White Salmon and Columbia Rivers, Underwood is an unincorporated community within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. Its position atop a set of bluffs commands fantastic views of the Columbia River Gorge and, across the river into Oregon, Mount Hood.
But the bluffs atop which the community sits are so steep they form a nearly vertical wall.
In summer, these slopes are covered with highly flammable dry grass, brush, and trees. One source of ignition and a decent wind are all that’s needed to send fires roaring up the hillside. (In the first days of the Tunnel 5 Fire, winds gusted between 35 and 40 mph.)
Heaven meet Hell: Slopes below Cook Underwood Road burned right up to the hilltop houses. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Heaven meets Hell: Slopes below Cook Underwood Road burned right up to the hilltop houses. Photo: Jurgen Hess
At the bottom of the bluffs, SR-14 and adjacent railroad tracks—both proven and potent sources of ignition—parallel the river.
At the top of the bluffs, Cook Underwood Road is lined with over 50 houses, each surrounded by forest, trees, and brush.
The recipe for disaster is obvious.
“We can’t stop the fires, [we] shouldn’t build there,” Robin Dobson, a retired U.S. Forest Service ecologist who worked in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area for 24 years, told Columbia Insight after the Tunnel 5 Fire. “We need to use our common sense.”
“Nobody thinks [fire] can happen to them, but the reality is that it does,” said Dan Harkenrider, USFS National Scenic Area manager from 2001 to 2011.
How Firewise are we?
In 2002, recognizing the growing problem of wildfires in rural residential areas (especially California), the National Fire Protection Agency created an educational program called Firewise Communities USA. The idea was to teach homeowners best practices for how to live “fire-wise” in Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) areas as a way to mitigate potential wildfire losses.
Firewise measures include removing shrubbery and trees close to home ignition points by creating a “lean, clean and green landscape” zone; using fire-resistant building materials; screening house vents; and keeping gutters free of burnable material.
Dan Richardson, Underwood Conservation District, Climate and Community Resilience lead, administers the Firewise program in Underwood by doing a wildfire home hazard assessment.
Passing grade: Dan Richardson (right) conducts a Firewise review at the Columbia River Gorge home of Luci Walker and Kevin Widener. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Passing grade: Dan Richardson (right) conducts a Firewise review at the Columbia River Gorge home of Luci Walker and Kevin Widener. Photo: Jurgen Hess
On a recent visit to the home of Luci Walker and Kevin Widener (north of Cook Underwood Road, not in the immediate area of burned houses), Richardson walked around the perimeter of the home looking for vegetation too close to the house.
After explaining that most house fires are started by glowing embers, he noted that all vents in the house were well-screened and that the house siding was made of unburnable cement board. The gutters were largely empty of burnable debris. There was no bark dust, which is very flammable.
A small juniper plant was recommended for removal.
A question arose about what to do about a long line of large Douglas fir trees on the east property line. Those trees could carry a crown fire.
Richardson concluded that picking up limbs and debris, cutting branches to a height of 10 feet, and thinning out smaller trees would help reduce fire risk.
Overall, the homeowners got a report that the house met Firewise standards, with a few recommendations for improvement.
Conflicting guidelines
The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Management Plan includes provisions for implementing Firewise practices.
“The reviewing agency shall provide information on Firewise standards to landowners at the time of application (for a building permit),” states the plan. “Landowners shall be encouraged to incorporate Firewise standards in their proposal.”
Fire-risk directions are also included in the Gorge Commission’s recently adopted Climate Change Action Plan.
But Lisa Naas Cook, a planner with the Gorge Commission, says meeting National Scenic Area standards of scenic preservation and reducing fire risk is a tricky dance.
That’s because homeowners in the Gorge are bound by National Scenic Area Management Plan regulations that require houses to be screened with trees or other vegetation to meet scenic protection measures.
Air war: Black spots in the sky during the Tunnel 5 Fire are hot embers driven by upslope winds. During wildland fires, embers are the primary ignition source for house fires. Photo: Jurgen Hess
Air war: Black spots in the sky during the Tunnel 5 Fire are hot embers driven by upslope winds. During wildland fires, embers are the primary ignition source for house fires. Photo: Jurgen Hess
In a way, it feels like a trap, with Firewise and National Scenic Area guidelines appearing to be at odds.
“Absolutely there is a conflict between fire safety (and scenic standards),” said ecologist Dobson.
Cook said the Commission plans to take a closer look at the issue during its next Management Plan review.
According to the Gorge Commission’s website, the Commission can amend its plan “if it finds that conditions in the National Scenic Area have significantly changed.”
At this time, however, there is no proposal on record to amend the plan.
During the public input phase of the Climate Change Action Plan development, several members of the public argued for more stringent standards to reduce fire risk.
Janet Wainwright, a former Gorge commissioner, wrote: “Mandate (not suggest) all new construction adheres to Firewise standards. Make this one of the requirements of application approval.”
But such measures can do only so much to prevent wildfires from burning homes built within forests and other wilderness areas.
“Homeowners who live in forested settings must take responsibility and prepare their property to survive wildfire rather than relying on firefighters to save their homes,” said Jack Cohen, a USFS research scientist. “Because during intense fire conditions, firefighters will likely be overwhelmed.”
Private property vs. public treasure
When fighting fires, USFS policy dictates that saving human lives is the top priority, followed by saving property, such as houses and businesses.
This became a problem when the Tunnel 5 Fire struck. Firefighters weren’t sent onto the steep slopes below the Underwood houses due to safety risks.
“It’s just too hazardous for firefighters to work on the steep ground,” Bobby Shindelar of Northwest Incident Management Team 12 told Columbia Gorge News.
Instead, at a great financial cost, aircraft dropped water and retardant on the steep slopes.
Extreme slopes: It’s not just flames and smoke that imperil firefighters. Treacherous inclines, like those faced by these Tunnel 5 firefighters, introduce another level of danger. Photo: Wash. DNR
Extreme slopes: It’s not just flames and smoke that imperil firefighters. Treacherous inclines, like those faced by these Tunnel 5 firefighters, introduce another level of danger. Photo: Wash. DNR
Firewise is good practice, but after an event like the Tunnel 5 Fire, it’s reasonable to wonder how much homeowners can realistically do to prevent the loss of property constructed in such an obviously precarious place.
Shifting attitudes of insurance companies may also become a factor in the way we view fighting fires.
On May 26, State Farm Insurance announced it would no longer accept applications for home and business insurance in California due to “historic increases in construction costs outpacing inflation, rapidly growing catastrophe exposure, and a challenging reinsurance market.”
Some of those increased construction costs and catastrophic exposures are related to high fire risk and requirements to make new homes fire-safe.
In conversations with Columbia Insight, County Commissioner Lennon, Scenic Area Manager Harkenrider, and several Tunnel 5 firefighters said they believed insurance policies would be a “check” on future construction in fire-hazard zones.
But David Waymie, director of the Skamania County Public Works and Planning Department, which administers building permits in the area of the Tunnel 5 Fire, said his department is unlikely to require fire-protection measures for homes being rebuilt in the wake of the fire.
But, he said, “there is a risk in living in the forest. While the view is tremendous, there is a fire danger.”
Homeowners in Skamania County have two years to start the process of replacing a burned house.
Same old, same old?
Another fire in Underwood is likely because conditions that led to the previous two fires will remain stable.
SR-14 isn’t going anywhere. Neither are the railroad tracks nor the steep, vegetated cliffs directly below the community.
“For maybe 10 years or so after a fire, fuels and risks are lower. But with hotter and dryer weather fire risk is increasing, especially on these slopes,” said Lorretta Duke, South Zone fire management officer of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, a portion of which is located in Skamania County.
Duke also points to rail-grinding operations. “Consider the timing of grinding to not do that during high fire danger times,” she said.
“There needs to be conversations with Burlington Northern as to their track-grinding procedures,” Skamania County Commissioner Tom Lennon told Columbia Insight when asked about preventing future fires in the area.
Others are more blunt in their assessment of the construction and rebuilding of houses destroyed or damaged in areas of high fire risk.
“It seems crazy to build a new house in this fire-risk zone,” said Harkenrider. “Where is the line where people shouldn’t be allowed
Jurgen Hess
Jurgen Hess is a photojournalist specializing in wildfire photography. He is a member of the Columbia Insight Board of Directors.
